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Primary & Secondary Sources: Home

Primary & Secondary Sources explained

What is the difference between a Primary Source & a Secondary Source? 

Primary Sources are original materials on which research is based.  They are firsthand testimony or direct evidence concerning a topic under consideration. They present information in its original form.  They have not been interpreted, condensed, or evaluated by other writers.
Examples:

  • Newspaper articles (reporting events) & Photographs
  • Interviews (legal proceedings, personal, telephone, e-mail) & Correspondence
  • Trial transcripts
  • Fiction, poems, music
  • Experimental results
  • Autobiographies, personal narratives, memoirs
  • Diaries
  • Manuscripts
  • Data

 


Secondary sources offer interpretation or analysis based on primary sources. They may explain primary sources and often use them to support a specific thesis or argument or to persuade the reader to accept a certain point of view. Such works are one or more steps removed from the event—being written with the benefit of hindsight.

Examples:  

  • Monographs (see below for "what is a monograph")
  • Journal articles
  • Biographies
  • Encyclopedias
  • Dissertations
  • Research analysis
  • Works of criticism and interpretation

Monograph

Scholarly monographs are single-volume works (books) providing in-depth research into a specialized area of knowledge and contribute to the ongoing scholarship in a particular discipline by offering original insight into their subjects.  Unlike popular or trade books, which are geared toward general readers, they are written by faculty or other scholars in a field for an academic audience.
Although scholarly monographs are self-contained (they can stand on their own), they may be part of a series of books covering a wider subject area. Scholarly monographs are typically purchased by academic and research libraries for use by scholars, including students.  You won't usually find them on bookstore shelves.